New technologies

Aviation faces a particularly challenging pathway to decarbonisation, as aircraft produced today will have an expected lifespan of perhaps thirty years. Therefore even if we do develop zero-emission aircraft, which is itself an important challenge, it will take several decades before they replace aircraft currently entering into service. And it’s not clear if we can develop zero-emission aircraft for long-haul routes, which are responsible for the bulk of aviation emissions. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop and deploy zero-emission fuels which can be “dropped in” to existing and future aircraft.

However the right type of fuels need to be pursued. Using crop-based biofuels, as some have proposed, would cause negative effects such as driving deforestation or increasing food prices. Therefore the focus needs to be on Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) which are produced using feedstocks which don’t compete with food, or feedstocks derived from renewable electricity, known as e-kerosene and discussed below.

The biggest determinate as to whether a fuel is truly sustainable is the choice of feedstock. It is important to focus on biofuels which are advanced and therefore do not compete with food and forestry. Examples include municipal solid waste (MSW) and forestry residue. However these feedstocks are limited, and/or have competing uses. Oftentimes, these advanced fuels directly or indirectly compete with food and forestry. We therefore cannot rely on them to decarbonise aviation.   

A potentially more abundant feedstock is renewable electricity used to produce green hydrogen which is then combined with CO₂ captured from the atmosphere. Fuels made via this process are called e-fuels, also known as e-kerosene. Renewable electricity is potentially far more abundant than the land needed for crop biofuels or feedstocks needed for advanced biofuels, and therefore should be the focus of efforts to decarbonise aviation. T&E has tracked the many different European plants producing e-kerosene in our tracker.  

Numerous airlines have experimented with different alternative fuels, some more sustainable than others, but only recently have they started  to experiment with e-kerosene. This is a good first step, but much greater support is needed if the deployment of these fuels are to accelerate. Governments need to be active to ensure such fuels are truly sustainable (i.e. use the right type of CO₂, and additional renewable electricity) and that laws are put in place to mandate the uptake of these fuels.

The EU has introduced a new proposal called ReFuelEU which requires all aircraft departing from an EU airport to uplift a fixed percentage of SAF. This percentage scales up over time and includes additional sub-targets for e-fuels.  This  initiative aims to boost the supply and demand for sustainable aviation fuels in the EU.

E-kerosene, produced with the right safeguards, can result in fuels with near zero emissions on a life cycle basis. Because they are cleaner, they can also reduce the non-CO₂ effects of flying, though the exact reduction is yet to be precisely quantified.

To deliver savings in the short term, we will need to maximise the efficiency of traditional aircraft design. Unlike most other transport modes, there are no credible CO₂ efficiency standards for aircraft design. It is therefore important that regulators step in with more effective standards, and provide further incentives through higher taxation of the aviation sector. 

We need zero-emission airplanes powered by clean electricity or hydrogen from renewable sources to decarbonise the sector. Several concepts for such aircrafts have emerged, with potential entry into service in the 2030s. With the right measures in place, electric, hybrid-electric and hydrogen planes could start flying in the 2030s.

However, barriers exist, including the weight of batteries and certification challenges. Cooperation between industry and regulators is crucial. 

Airbus's efforts in developing hydrogen planes show promise, especially with potential cost advantages if kerosene is taxed adequately. In 2035, running planes on hydrogen could be 8% more expensive than using kerosene. But with a tax on fossil jet fuel and a price on carbon, hydrogen planes could become 2% cheaper to operate than their kerosene counterparts.

An "all of the above" approach is necessary, focusing on efficiency improvements, new fuels, and government support for breakthrough designs, considering that zero-emission aircraft may initially be limited to short and medium-range flights.